Kuzo zonke iimoto zanamhlanje, itrektara kunye nezinye izithuthi, izixhobo zokukhanyisa ezininzi zisetyenziswa - izibane.Funda malunga nokuba yintoni isibane semoto, zeziphi iintlobo zezibane ezikhoyo kunye nendlela ezilungiselelwe ngayo, indlela yokukhetha nokusebenza izibane zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo - funda kweli nqaku.
Yintoni isibane semoto?
Isibane semoto sisixhobo sombane sokukhanyisa, umthombo wokukhanya owenziweyo apho amandla ombane aguqulwa abe yimitha yokukhanya ngendlela enye okanye enye.
Izibane zeemoto zisetyenziselwa ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi:
• Ukukhanya kwendlela kunye nommandla ongqongileyo ebumnyameni okanye kwiimeko zokungabonakali ngokwaneleyo (inkungu, imvula, isaqhwithi sothuli) - izibane zentloko, izibane zenkungu, izibane zokukhangela kunye nezibane zokukhangela;
• Izibane ezilumkisa ngokhuseleko ezindleleni – izalathisi zendlela, izibane zeziqhoboshi, umqondiso obuya umva, izibane ezibaleka emini, iipleyiti zelayisensi ezikhanyisa ngasemva, izibane zenkungu ezingasemva;
• I-alamu malunga nemeko yemoto, amacandelo ayo kunye neendibano - umqondiso kunye nezibane zokulawula kwideshibhodi;
• Ukukhanya kwangaphakathi - ngaphakathi kwemoto, indawo ye-injini, indawo yemithwalo;
• Ukukhanyisa okungxamisekileyo - izibane ezithwala kude kunye nezinye;
• Ukulungiswa kunye nokuphuculwa kweemoto - izibane zokukhanyisa ezihombisayo.
Ukucombulula nganye kwezi ngxaki, izibane kunye neminye imithombo yokukhanya (i-LED) yoyilo kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa.Ukwenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwesibane, kufuneka uqale uqonde iintlobo zabo ezikhoyo kunye neempawu.
Iintlobo kunye neempawu zezibane zeemoto
Izibane zeemoto zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo kunye neentlobo ngokomgaqo osisiseko womzimba, iimpawu kunye nenjongo.
Ngokomgaqo womzimba wokusebenza, izibane zohlulwe zibe zezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
• Izibane ze-incandescent;
• Ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-Xenon (i-arc, i-xenon-metal halide);
• Izibane zegesi (i-neon kwaye izaliswe ngezinye iigesi ezingenayo);
• Izibane zeFluorescent;
• Imithombo yokukhanya kweSemiconductor – ii-LED.
Nganye kwiintlobo ezichazwe zezibane zineempawu zayo zokuyila kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza.
Izibane ze-incandescent.Umthombo wokukhanya yi-tungsten filament evuthayo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, efakwe kwi-flask yeglasi.Banokuba ne-filament enye okanye ezimbini (ezidibene nezibane eziphantsi neziphakamileyo), kukho iindidi ezintathu:
• I-vacuum - umoya uphonswa ngaphandle kwe-flask, ngenxa yokuba i-filament ayinayo i-oxidize xa ishushu;
• Ukuzaliswa ngegesi ye-inert - i-nitrogen, i-argon okanye umxube wabo ifakwe kwi-flask;
• I-Halogen - i-bulb iqulethe umxube we-halogen vapors ye-iodine kunye ne-bromine, ephucula ukusebenza kwesibane kunye neempawu zayo.
Izibane ze-vacuum namhlanje zisetyenziselwa kuphela kwiipaneli zesixhobo, ekukhanyiseni, njl. Izibane ze-Universal ezizaliswe ngamagesi angenayo zixhaphake.Izibane zeHalogen zisetyenziswa kuphela kwizibane zangaphambili.
Izibane zeXenon.Ezi zibane ze-arc zombane, kukho i-electrode ezimbini kwi-bulb, phakathi kwayo i-arc yombane iyatshisa.I-bulb igcwele igesi ye-xenon, enika iimpawu eziyimfuneko zesibane.Kukho izibane ze-xenon kunye ne-bi-xenon, zifana nezibane ezineefayili ezimbini ze-beam ephantsi kunye nephezulu.
Izibane zegesi.Ezi zibane zisebenzisa amandla eegesi ze-inert (i-helium, i-neon, i-argon, i-krypton, i-xenon) ukukhanyisa ukukhanya xa ukukhutshwa kombane kudlula kuzo.Izibane ze-neon ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zi-orenji, izibane ze-argon zinika ukukhanya okumfusa, izibane ze-krypton zinika ukukhanya okuluhlaza.
Izibane zeFluorescent.Kwezi zibane, ukukhanya kukhupha isambatho esikhethekileyo ngaphakathi kwebhalbhu - iphosphor.Olu tyaba lukhanya ngenxa yokufunxwa kwamandla, oko ngendlela yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ekhutshwa ngumphunga we-mercury xa ukukhutshwa kombane kudlula kubo.
Izibane ze-LED.Ezi zixhobo ze-semiconductor (i-light-emitting diodes) apho i-radiation ye-optical ivela ngenxa yeziphumo ze-quantum kwi-pn junction (kwindawo yokuqhagamshelana ne-semiconductors yeepropati ezahlukeneyo).I-LED, ngokungafaniyo neminye imithombo yokukhanya, iyindawo yomthombo wemitha.
Izibane zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zinezicelo ezithile:
• Izibane ze-incandescent zezona ziguquguqukayo, namhlanje zisetyenziselwa izibane zentloko, i-alamu, kwi-cabin, njengokulawula kunye nezibane zesignali kwiideshibhodi, njl.;
• I-Xenon - kuphela ekukhanyeni kwentloko;
• I-Gas-light - izibane ze-neon njengesalathisi kunye nezibane zokulawula (ezingaqhelekanga zisetyenziswa namhlanje), i-neon kunye nezinye iibhubhu zegesi zokukhanyisa ukuhlobisa;
• I-Fluorescent - njenge-salon (inqabileyo) kunye nemithombo yokukhanya ekude kwiimeko eziphuthumayo, ukulungiswa, njl.;
• Ii-LED ziyimithombo yokukhanya yendalo yonke esetyenziswa namhlanje kwizibane zentloko, ukubonakalisa ukukhanya, njengezibane zemini, kwiipaneli zesixhobo.
Uhlobo lwesibane se-LED H4
Izibane zeemoto zineempawu ezininzi eziphambili:
• Umbane wobonelelo – 6, 12 no-24 V, ngokulandelelanayo kwizithuthuthu, iimoto neelori;
• Amandla ombane - amandla asetyenziswa sisibane akholisa ukusuka kwisiqingatha se-watt (iisignali kunye nezibane zolawulo) ukuya kumashumi aliqela eewatts (izibane zezibane).Ngokuqhelekileyo, izibane zokupaka, izibane ze-brake kunye nezalathisi zendlela zinamandla e-4-5 watts, izibane zentloko - ukusuka kwi-35 ukuya kwi-70 watts, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo (izibane ze-incandescent - i-45-50 watts, izibane ze-halogen - i-60-65 watts, i-xenon izibane - ukuya kuma-75 watts okanye ngaphezulu);
• Ukukhanya - amandla okukhanya okukhanyayo okudalwe sisibane kulinganiswa kwiilumens (Lm).Izibane eziqhelekileyo ze-incandescent zenza ukukhanya okukhanyayo ukuya kwi-550-600 Lm, izibane ze-halogen zamandla afanayo - i-1300-2100 Lm, izibane ze-xenon - ukuya kwi-3200 Lm, izibane ze-LED - 20-500 Lm;
• Ubushushu bombala luphawu lombala wemitha yesibane, eboniswe kwiidigri zeKelvin.Izibane ze-Incandescent zinobushushu bombala we-2200-2800 K, izibane ze-halogen - 3000-3200 K, izibane ze-xenon - 4000-5000 K, izibane ze-LED - 4000-6000 K. Ukuphakama kobushushu bombala, ukukhanya kwesibane.
Ngokwahlukileyo, kukho amaqela amabini ezibane ngokwe-radiation spectrum:
• Izibane eziqhelekileyo - zinebhalbhu yeglasi eqhelekileyo, ziphuma kwi-spectrum ebanzi (kwimimandla ye-optical kunye ne-ultraviolet kunye ne-infrared);
• Ngesihluzi se-ultraviolet - yiba neflask eyenziwe ngeglasi ye-quartz, egcina imisebe ye-ultraviolet.Ezi zibane zisetyenziselwa izibane eziphambili kunye ne-diffuser eyenziwe nge-polycarbonate okanye ezinye iiplastiki, ezilahlekelwa yimpawu zazo kwaye zitshatyalaliswe yimitha ye-UV.
Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu ezingentla apha xa ukhetha izibane azibalulekanga njengoyilo lwazo kunye nohlobo lwesiseko, olufuna ukuchazwa ngokubanzi.
Iintlobo zee-caps, ukuyila kunye nokusebenza kwezibane zemoto
Namhlanje, izibane ezineentlobo ezininzi zeziseko zisetyenziswa, kodwa zonke zohlulwe zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu:
• IYurophu - izibane ezenziwe ngokuhambelana ne-UNECE Regulation No.
• IMelika - izibane ezenziwe ngokuhambelana ne-NHTSA (i-National Highway Traffic Administration Administration), ezinye iintlobo zezibane zineenkampani zaseYurophu.
Nokuba liphi iqela, izibane zinokuba neziseko zolu hlobo lulandelayo:
• I-Flanged - isiseko sine-flange ethintelayo, uxhulumaniso lombane lwenziwa ngabafowunelwa beflethi;
• I-Pin - isiseko senziwe ngendlela yekomityi yensimbi enezikhonkwane ezimbini okanye ezintathu zokulungiswa kwi-cartridge;
• Ngesiseko seplastiki (isiseko soxande) - izibane eziphothiweyo ezinesokethi yeplastiki enekhonkco elidibeneyo.Ikhonkco inokufumaneka kwicala okanye ngasezantsi (coaxial);
• Ngesiseko seglasi - isiseko siyinxalenye yebhalbhu yeglasi, uqhagamshelwano lombane luthengiswa kwindawo yalo ephantsi;
• Ngeglasi yeglasi kunye ne-chuck yeplastiki - i-chuck yeplastiki kunye okanye ngaphandle kwekhonkco ibekwe kwicala le-cap (kule meko, abafowunelwa abavela kwi-cap badlula kwimingxuma kwi-chuck);
• I-Soffit (esekwe ezibini) - izibane ezisilinda ezineziseko ezibekwe ekupheleni, iterminal nganye ye-spiral inesiseko sayo.
Ngexesha elifanayo, izibane ezineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziseko zohlulwe ngokwamaqela ngokwenjongo yazo:
• Iqela 1 - ngaphandle kwezithintelo - izibane eziphantsi neziphakamileyo, izibane zenkungu, njl. Eli qela libandakanya zonke izibane zeentlobo (iintlobo) H (ezona ziqhelekileyo luhlobo H4), HB, HI, HS, kunye nezinye izibane ezikhethekileyo. (I-S2 kunye ne-S3 yezithuthuthu kunye ne-mopeds, kunye nabanye);
• Iqela lesi-2 - izibane ezilumkisayo, izibane ezijikayo, izibane ezijikayo, izibane zokupaka, izikhanyiso zeepleyiti zelayisensi, njl. njl. Eli qela libandakanya izibane eziphawulwe C, HY, P, PR, PY, PR, PSR, PSY, R, T, W kunye abanye abanye;
• Iqela lesi-3 - izibane zokutshintshwa kweemveliso ezifanayo kwizithuthi eziyekiweyo.Eli qela libandakanya izibane ze-R2 (ezine-bulb ejikelezayo, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimoto zasekhaya ezindala), i-S1 kunye ne-C21W;
• Izibane zokukhupha iXenon - eli qela liquka izibane zexenon eziphawulwe nguD.
Iintlobo zemotoisibane
iminqwaziUkusetyenziswa kweentlobo eziphambili zezibane zeemoto
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zezibane zeQela loku-1 ezisetyenziselwa izibane eziphambili:
• Ngentsinga enye (okanye i-arc enye kwimeko yesibane se-xenon) - isetyenziswe kuphela njengesibane esiditshiweyo okanye esiphakamileyo.Kwizixhobo ze-beam ezidlulayo, i-filament engezantsi ihlanganiswe neskrini esibunjwe ngokukodwa ukwenzela ukuba ukukhanya okukhanyayo kuqondiswe kuphela kwindawo ephezulu yesibonisi se-headlamp;
• Ngemicu emibini - esetyenziswa njengesibane esiditshiweyo nesiphezulu.Kwezi zibane, iifilaments zahlulwe ngumgama othile ukuze xa zifakwe kwisibane esikhulu, umsonto ophakamileyo ukwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwisibonisi, kwaye umsonto oditshiweyo awukho kugxininiso, kwaye umsonto oditshiweyo uvalwe. emazantsi esikrini.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngokukodwa ukuba uhlobo (udidi) lwesibane kunye nohlobo lwesiseko alukho into efanayo.Amaqela ahlukeneyo ezibane ahluke ngokuyila kwaye anokuba nesiseko esisemgangathweni, iindidi eziqhelekileyo zeziseko ziboniswa kumzobo.
Ukhetho oluchanekileyo kunye neempawu zokusebenza kwezibane zeemoto
Xa ukhetha izibane kwimoto, kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo uhlobo lwesibane, uhlobo lwesiseko salo kunye neempawu zombane - ukubonelela nge-voltage kunye namandla.Kungcono ukuthenga izibane ezineempawu ezifanayo nabadala - ngale ndlela uqinisekisiwe ukuba ufumane kanye oko ufunayo.Ukuba, ngesizathu esinye okanye esinye, akunakwenzeka okanye kunqweneleka ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo isibane esifanayo (umzekelo, xa utshintshe izibane eziqhelekileyo ze-incandescent kunye ne-LED), ngoko ke uhlobo lwesiseko kunye neempawu zombane kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo.
Xa ukhetha izibane zokukhanya kwentloko, kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo iingcebiso zomenzi wemoto oboniswe kwi-diffuser.Ngoko, kwiiplastiki zeplastiki (kwaye zininzi zazo namhlanje), kufuneka uthenge izibane nge-ultraviolet filter - phantse zonke izibane ze-halogen ziveliswa ngolo hlobo.Kwakhona, kwi-diffuser, ukumakishwa kwezibane ezifanelekileyo kunokubonakaliswa okanye uhlobo lwazo lunokuboniswa (umzekelo, umbhalo othi "Halogen").Kungcono ukuthenga izibane ngababini ukuze zombini izibane zibe neempawu ezifanayo.
Xa uthenga izibane zezalathisi zesalathiso kunye nabaphindayo, kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo umbala we-diffusers yabo.Ukuba i-diffuser ibonakala, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukukhetha izibane nge-bulb yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-automobile yellow (amber) umbala.Ukuba i-diffuser ipeyintiwe, ngoko isibane kufuneka sibe ne-bulb ekhanyayo.Akunakwenzeka ukutshintsha olunye uhlobo lwesibane kunye nolunye (umzekelo, ukubeka isibane se-amber endaweni ye-transparent okanye ngokuphambene nalokho), kuba zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziseko kwaye azitshintshi.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kufakwa izibane, ngakumbi izibane zentloko.Unokuthatha isibane kuphela ngesiseko okanye usebenzise iiglavu ezicocekileyo.Iintsalela zegrisi kwiminwe kunye nokungcola kwibhalbhu kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi - ipateni yemitha yesibane kunye neempawu ziphulwa, kwaye ngenxa yokufudumeza okungalinganiyo, isibane sinokuqhekeka kwaye singaphumeleli emva kweeyure ezimbalwa zokusebenza.
Ngokukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokutshintshwa kwezibane, imoto iya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho kwaye ibonelele ngokusebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-21-2023