Zonke izithuthi, ngokuhambelana nomthetho wangoku, zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokukhanyisa - izibane zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.Funda malunga nokuba yintoni isibane semoto, zeziphi iintlobo zezibane, zisebenza njani kwaye zisebenza njani, kunye nokukhetha okuchanekileyo, ukutshintshwa kunye nokusebenza kwezibane - funda inqaku.
Yintoni isibane semoto?
Isibane semoto sisibane sombane esixhonywe ngaphambili kwisithuthi.Esi sixhobo sibonelela ngokukhanya kwendlela kunye nommandla ojikelezayo kumanqanaba okukhanya aphantsi, okanye kwiimeko zokungabonakali ngokwaneleyo.Izibane zentloko zihlala zibizwa ngokuba zizibane zentloko okanye i-head optics, ebonisa injongo kunye nendawo yazo.
Izibane zentloko yenye yezinto eziphambili zokukhanyisa iimoto, zisombulula iingxaki ezininzi:
• Ukukhanya kwecandelo lendlela kunye nommandla ojikelezayo phambi kwemoto ebumnyameni - yenza ukukhanya kwentloko;
• Ukukhanyisa ezindleleni kwinkungu, kwikhephu, kwisanti, njl.njl. – ukwenza izibane zenkungu;
• Ukukhanya kwendawo kumgama omde ngaphandle kweendlela zikawonke-wonke, ngexesha lokukhangela nokuhlangula kunye nakwezinye iimeko - ukwenza izibane zokukhangela kunye nezibane zokukhangela;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwesithuthi xa uqhuba kwiindlela zikawonke-wonke ngexesha lasemini - izibane ezidiphiniweyo zenziwa xa zingekho okanye zophukile izibane zasemini.
Le misebenzi yabelwe izibane eziphambili zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye noyilo.
Ukuhlelwa kwezibane zemoto
Izibane zeemoto zihlulwe zibe ziintlobo ngokwendlela yokwenza umqadi wokukhanya, injongo, ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokukhanyisa kunye nesixhobo.
Ngokwendlela yokwenza umqadi wokukhanya, kukho iindidi ezimbini zezibane:
• I-reflex (i-reflective) - izibane zendabuko kunye ne-reflector ye-parabolic okanye i-complex shape, eyenza i-beam ye-directional yokukhanya;
• Iprojekthi (i-searchlight, i-lensed, izibane zenkqubo yokukhanyisa i-semi-ellipsoid) - izibane zanamhlanje ezine-lens optical, eziqinisekisa ukubunjwa kokukhanya okunamandla kunye nobukhulu obudibeneyo besixhobo sonke.
Ngokwenjongo yabo, izibane zohlulwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu:
• Isiseko (ukukhanya kwentloko) - ukukhanyisa indlela kunye nommandla ojikelezayo ebumnyameni;
• Inkungu - ukukhanyisa indlela kwiimeko zokungabonakali ngokwaneleyo;
• Izibane zokukhangela kunye nezibane zokukhangela - imithombo yokukhanya okukhomba ukukhanyisa indawo ekufutshane kwaye kumgama omkhulu.
Ngokulandelayo, izibane zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezintathu:
• Umqadi ophantsi;
• Umtha ophezulu;
• Ukudibanisa - esinye isixhobo sinokusebenza kwimodi ephantsi kunye nephezulu (kodwa kungekhona kwiindlela ezimbini ngexesha elifanayo, elichazwe ngokucacileyo kwi-GOST).
Izibane ezisezantsi neziphakamileyo zokukhanya ziyahluka kwipatheni yemitha kunye neempawu zokukhanya okukhanyayo.
Izibane ezifakwe ngaphambili zikhanyisa indlela ngqo phambi kwemoto kwaye zithintela abaqhubi ukuba bangabonakali kumzila ozayo.Esi sixhobo senza umqadi othambekele ezantsi kwaye uqondiswe endleleni, ngenxa yale njongo isibane sixhonywe phambi kogxininiso lwe-reflector ye-headlight, kwaye inxalenye ye-flux ekhanyayo evela kwi-filament yayo ikhuselwe (ezantsi).Izibane zentloko eziditshiweyo zinokwenza umqadi oneepateni ezahlukeneyo zemitha:
Izibane ezisezantsi neziphakamileyo zokukhanya ziyahluka kwipatheni yemitha kunye neempawu zokukhanya okukhanyayo.
Izibane ezifakwe ngaphambili zikhanyisa indlela ngqo phambi kwemoto kwaye zithintela abaqhubi ukuba bangabonakali kumzila ozayo.Esi sixhobo senza umqadi othambekele ezantsi kwaye uqondiswe endleleni, ngenxa yale njongo isibane sixhonywe phambi kogxininiso lwe-reflector ye-headlight, kwaye inxalenye ye-flux ekhanyayo evela kwi-filament yayo ikhuselwe (ezantsi).Izibane zentloko eziditshiweyo zinokwenza umqadi oneepateni ezahlukeneyo zemitha:
Ukusebenza kwe-headlamp kwi-beam ephantsi
indlelaUkusebenza kwesibane kwimodi yokuqhuba umqadi
• I-Symmetrical - ukukhanya kwandisa phambili ngokulinganayo, ngokuthe ngcembe kulahlekelwe ngamandla kunye nokuphambuka kwi-axis ye-optical ye-headlight ukuya ngakwesokunene nasekhohlo;
• I-Asymmetric (yaseYurophu) - i-beam yokukhanya ikhanyisa indlela engalinganiyo, ukunyanzeliswa kokukhanya okuphezulu kubonelelwe ngakwesokunene, ukugubungela umgca wasekunene kunye negxalaba, ukuthotywa kwe-beam ngakwesobunxele kuthintela ukungaboni abaqhubi kwindlela ezayo.
Isibane esiphakamileyo sikhanyisa indlela kunye nomhlaba kumgama omde ukusuka kwimoto.Isibane sesi sibane sibekwe ngokuthe ngqo ekugxininiseni kwisibonisi, ngoko ke i-symmetrical beam yobunzima obuphezulu yenziwe, iqondiswe phambili.
Izibane zentloko zingasetyenziswa kwi-head Optics yezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo:
• Isikimu sokukhanya okumbini - izibane ezimbini zohlobo oludibeneyo zisetyenzisiweyo, ezibekwe ngokulinganayo kumacala omabini e-axis ephakathi kwesi sithuthi;
• Isikimu se-four-headlight - izibane ezine zisetyenzisiweyo, ezimbini zazo zisebenza kuphela kwimodi ephantsi ye-beam, ezimbini - kuphela kwimodi ephezulu yokukhanya.Izibane zidityaniswe ngazibini "ze-dipped beam + high beam", izibini zibekwe ngokulinganayo kwi-axis ephakathi kwesi sithuthi.
Ngokuhambelana nomthetho wangoku (GOST R 41.48-2004 (UNECE Regulations No. 48) kunye nabanye), iimoto kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngokungqongqo izibane ezimbini eziditshiweyo neziphakamileyo, izibane zenkungu ezibini zinokufakwa ngokuzithandela, ubukho bediphu eyongezelelweyo. kunye nezibane eziphezulu ze-beam okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukungabikho kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo akuvumelekanga, imoto enjalo ayikwazi ukusebenza (ngokwesiqendu 3 "IiMiqathango eyiSiseko yokuNgeniswa kweSithuthi sokuSebenza ..." Imithetho yezoThutho yaseRashiya Umanyano).
Uyilo kunye neempawu zezibane zemoto
Ngoyilo, izibane zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezininzi:
• IKhabhinethi - ibe nelinye icala, inokuxhonywa kwizibiyeli kumzimba wemoto okanye kwenye indawo.Olu hlobo lubandakanya izibane zeemoto ezininzi ukuya kwi-60s, kunye nezibane zenkungu, izibane zokukhangela kunye nezibane zokukhangela;
• Ukwakhiwa-kufakwe kwii-niches ezikhethekileyo ezinikezelwe phambi kwemoto;
• Izibane zebhlokhi - dibanisa izibane ezidithiweyo neziphakamileyo kunye nezalathisi zesalathiso kuyilo olunye.Ngokuqhelekileyo zifakwe;
• Izibane zentloko-izibane zobukhulu obandisiweyo, ezidityaniswe kuyilo olunye kunye nesibonisi kunye ne-diffuser, zakhelwe ngaphakathi.Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwiimoto zaseMelika, namhlanje zisetyenziswa kancinci kancinci kunezibane eziqhelekileyo.
Ngokwesakhiwo, zonke izibane zangaphambili ziyafana.Isiseko semveliso yimeko apho i-reflector ifakwe khona - isibuko esigobileyo ngendlela ethile (ngokuqhelekileyo iplastiki ene-metallised reflective coating), eqinisekisa ukubunjwa kokukhanya okuhamba phambili.
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zezibonisi:
• I-Parabolic - i-classic design, i-reflector inesimo se-paraboloid yokujikeleza, eqinisekisa ukusabalalisa okufanayo kokukhanya kunye nomgca we-optical;
• I-Free-form - i-reflector inemilo eyinkimbinkimbi kunye neendawo ezine-inclination eyahlukileyo ngokumalunga nomnye, yenza i-beam yokukhanya kunye nepateni ethile ye-radiation;
• I-Elliptical - le yimilo ye-reflectors ye-projection (i-lenses) izibane zentloko, i-elliptical shape inikezela ngepatheni efunekayo yokukhanya kokukhanya kwindawo edibeneyo.
Iyunithi yokukhanya kwentloko isebenzisa izibonisi ezininzi kuzo zonke izibane ezidityanisiweyo kuyilo olunye.Umthombo wokukhanya ufakwe kumbindi wesibonisi - isibane sohlobo oluthile okanye olunye (oluqhelekileyo, ihalogen, i-LED, i-xenon), kwizibane eziphakamileyo ze-beam i-filament okanye i-arc ibekwe kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo isibonisi, kwizibane zentloko ezicwilisiweyo. iziswe phambili kancinci.Ngaphambili, isibane sigqunywe nge-diffuser - inxalenye ecacileyo eyenziwe ngeglasi okanye i-polycarbonate, apho i-corrugation isetyenziswa khona.Ubukho be-corrugation buqinisekisa ukusasazeka okufanayo kwesibane sokukhanya phezu kwendawo yonke ekhanyisiweyo.Akukho diffuser kwizibane zokukhangela kunye nezibane zokukhangela, ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, iglasi egqume isibane ayinayo i-corrugation, igudile.Kwizibane zenkungu, ilensi inokupeyintwa emthubi.
Uyilo lwezibane ze-lens zinzima ngakumbi.Zisekelwe kwi-elliptical reflector, ekugxininiseni apho isibane sifakwe khona, kwaye kumgama othile - i-lens yokuqokelela optical.Phakathi kwe-lens kunye nesibonisi kunokubakho isikrini esishukumayo esitshintsha isibane sokukhanya xa utshintshela phakathi kwe-beam ephantsi kunye ne-beam ephezulu.
Uyilo jikelele kunye nokusebenza kwesibane semoto esifakwe ilensi
Umzimba kunye ne-lens ye-headlamp iphawulwe ngeempawu zayo eziphambili kunye neentlobo zezibane ezinokuthi zifakwe.Ukufakwa kweminye imithombo yokukhanya akuvumelekanga (ngaphandle kwezinto ezinqabileyo), oku kunokutshintsha iimpawu zokukhanya, kwaye ngenxa yoko, isithuthi asiyi kudlula ukuhlolwa.
Imiba yokukhetha, ukutshintshwa kunye nokusebenza kwezibane zemoto
Ukukhetha i-optics entsha, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuyila, iimpawu kunye neempawu zeemveliso ezindala, ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka uthenge ukukhanya kwentloko yemodeli efanayo.Ukuba sithetha ngezibane zenkungu okanye izibane zokukhangela kunye nezibane ezazingekho emotweni, ke apha kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufaka ezi zixhobo kwimoto (ubukho beebakaki ezifanelekileyo, njl.) kunye neempawu zabo.
Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe ekukhethweni kwezibane.Namhlanje, zidla ngokunikezelwa kwiinguqulelo ezimbini - kunye nenxalenye ecacileyo (emhlophe) kunye nephuzi yesignali yokujika.Xa ukhetha i-headlight kunye ne-yellow turn sign segment, kufuneka uthenge isibane ngebhalbhu ecacileyo, xa ukhetha isibane esinecandelo elimhlophe elijikayo, kufuneka uthenge isibane ngebhalbhu ephuzi (amber).
Ukutshintshwa kwezibane zentloko kuqhutyelwa ngokwemiyalelo yokusebenza kunye nokulungiswa kwemoto.Emva kokutshintshwa, kuyimfuneko ukulungelelanisa izibane ngokwemiyalelo efanayo.Kwimeko elula, lo msebenzi wenziwa usebenzisa isikrini - indiza ethe nkqo eneempawu apho izibane ziqondiswe khona, udonga, umnyango wegaraji, ucingo, njl njl. unokusebenza njengesikrini.
Kwi-European-style beam low (kunye ne-asymmetric beam), kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba umda ophezulu wecala elithe tye lendawo yokukhanya ibekwe ngaphantsi nje kombindi wezibane.Ukumisela lo mgama, ungasebenzisa le fomula ilandelayo:
h = H–(14×L×H)/1000000
apho h ngumgama ukusuka kwi-axis yezibane ukuya kumda ophezulu wendawo, H ngumgama ukusuka kwindawo yendlela ukuya kumbindi wezibane, L ngumgama ukusuka kwimoto ukuya kwisikrini, iyunithi yokulinganisa mm.
Ukulungelelaniswa, kuyimfuneko ukubeka imoto kumgama weemitha ezi-5-8 ukusuka kwisikrini, ixabiso h kufuneka lilale kuluhlu lwe-35-100 mm, kuxhomekeke kubude bemoto kunye nendawo yezibane zayo.
Kwi-beam ephezulu, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziko leendawo zokukhanya zilele malunga nesiqingatha somgama ukusuka kwi-axis ye-optical ye-headlamp kunye nomda wendawo yokukhanya ephantsi.Kwakhona, i-axes optical of the headlights kufuneka iqondiswe ngokuthe ngqo phambili, ngaphandle kokuphambuka emacaleni.
Ngokukhetha okufanelekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kwezibane, imoto iya kufumana izixhobo zokukhanyisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho kwaye ziqinisekise ukhuseleko endleleni xa uqhuba ebumnyameni.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-22-2023