Ekusebenzeni kwe-crank mechanism yeenjini zepiston, enye yeendima eziphambili zidlalwa ngamalungu adibanisa iipiston kunye ne-crankshaft-rods zokudibanisa.Funda malunga nokuba yintoni intonga yokudibanisa, zeziphi iintlobo ezi nxalenye kunye nendlela ezihlelwe ngayo, kunye nokukhetha okuchanekileyo, ukulungiswa kunye nokutshintshwa kweentonga zokudibanisa kweli nqaku.
Yintoni intonga yokudibanisa kwaye yintoni indawo ehlala kuyo kwi-injini?
Intonga yokudibanisa yinxalenye ye-crank mechanism yepiston yeenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi zazo zonke iintlobo;Inxalenye enokushenxiswa eyenzelwe ukudibanisa ipiston kwijenali yecrankshaft ehambelanayo.
Eli candelo lenza imisebenzi emininzi kwi-injini:
● Uqhagamshelo lomatshini lwepiston kunye ne-crankshaft;
● Ukudluliselwa kwi-piston kwi-crankshaft yemizuzu evela ngexesha lokubetha komsebenzi;
● Ukuguqulwa kweentshukumo eziphindaphindayo zepiston ibe yintshukumo ejikelezayo yecrankshaft;
● I-Lubricant inikezelwa kwi-piston pin, iindonga zepiston (ukwenzela ukupholisa okongeziweyo) kunye ne-cylinder, kunye nakwiindawo zexesha kwiiyunithi zamandla ezine-camshaft ephantsi.
Kwiimoto, inani leentonga zokudibanisa lilingana nenani leepiston, intonga nganye yokudibanisa ixhunyiwe kwi-piston (ngokusebenzisa umkhono we-bronze kunye nepini), kwaye inxalenye engezantsi ixhunywe kwijenali ye-crankshaft ehambelanayo (ngeebheringi ezicacileyo).Ngenxa yoko, i-hinged structure yenziwe, eqinisekisa ukuhamba ngokukhululekile kwepiston kwindiza ethe nkqo.
Iintonga zokudibanisa zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweyunithi yamandla, kwaye ukuphuka kwabo kudla ngokukhubaza ngokupheleleyo injini.Kodwa ukhetho olufanelekileyo kunye nokutshintshwa kwale nxalenye, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuyila kwayo kunye neempawu.
Iindidi kunye noyilo lweentonga zokudibanisa
Namhlanje, kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokudibanisa iintonga:
● Umgangatho - iintonga zokudibanisa eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeenjini zepiston;
● Idityanisiwe (ichazwe) - iyunithi equka intonga yokudibanisa yesiqhelo kunye nentonga yokudibanisa exhomekeke kuyo ngaphandle kwentloko ye-crank, iiyunithi ezinjalo zisetyenziswa kwii-motor ezibunjwe ngu-V.
Uyilo lweentonga ezidibanisayo ze-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi zisekwe kwaye zifikeleleke kwimfezeko (ngokusemandleni kunye nophuhliso lwangoku lwetekhnoloji), ngoko ke, ngaphandle kobuninzi beenjini, zonke ezi ndawo zicwangciswe ngendlela efanayo.
Intonga yokudibanisa iyinxalenye edibeneyo (edibeneyo), apho iinxalenye ezintathu zihlukaniswa:
● Intonga;
● Intloko yepiston (phezulu);
● Intloko yecrank (ezantsi) enesigqubuthelo esisuswayo (esisuswayo).
Intonga, intloko ephezulu kunye nesiqingatha sentloko ephantsi yinxalenye enye, zonke ezi nxalenye zenziwe kanye kanye ekwenzeni intonga yokudibanisa.Isigqubuthelo sentloko esezantsi siyinxalenye eyahlukileyo edityaniswe kwintonga yokudibanisa ngendlela enye okanye enye.Inxalenye nganye yentonga yokudibanisa ineempawu zayo zokuyila kunye nokusebenza.
Uyilo lwentonga yokudibanisa
Intonga.Esi sisiseko sentonga yokudibanisa edibanisa iintloko kwaye iqinisekise ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ukusuka kwintloko yepiston ukuya kwi-crank.Ubude bentonga bumisela ukuphakama kweepiston kunye ne-stroke yabo, kunye nokuphakama kwayo yonke injini.Ukufezekisa ukuqina okufunekayo, iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo zincanyathiselwe kwiintonga:
● I-i-beam kunye nokucwangciswa kweeshelufu ze-perpendicular okanye ezihambelanayo kwii-axes zeentloko;
● Umnqamlezo.
Amaxesha amaninzi, intonga inikwe iprofayili ye-I-beam kunye nokuhlelwa kwexesha elide lamashalofu (ngasekunene nangasekhohlo, ukuba ujonga intonga yokudibanisa kunye neentloko zeentloko), ezinye iiprofayili zisetyenziswa rhoqo.
Umjelo ugrunjwa ngaphakathi kwintonga yokubonelela ngeoyile ukusuka entlokweni esezantsi ukuya entlokweni ephezulu, kwezinye iintonga ezinxibelelanisayo zigobela ecaleni zenziwe ukusuka kumjelo ophakathi ukutshiza ioyile kwiindonga zecylinder kunye nezinye iindawo.Kwiintonga ze-I-beam, endaweni yeshaneli edibeneyo, ityhubhu yokubonelela ngeoli yensimbi edityaniswe kwintonga enezibiyeli zetsimbi ingasetyenziswa.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, intonga imakishwe kwaye iphawulwe ngokufakela okuchanekileyo kwenxalenye.
Intloko yepiston.Umngxuma ukrolwe entloko, apho umkhono wobhedu ucinezelwe, odlala indima yokuthwala ithafa.I-piston pin ifakwe kwi-sleeve ene-gap encinci.Ukuthambisa iindawo zokungqubuzana kwepini kunye nomkhono, umngxuma wenziwa ekugqibeleni ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kweoli ukusuka kumjelo ngaphakathi kwintonga yokudibanisa.
Intloko yecrank.Le ntloko iyahlukana, inxalenye yayo engezantsi yenziwe ngendlela yekhava ekhutshwayo efakwe kwintonga yokudibanisa.Isidibanisi sinokuba:
● Ngokuthe tye - indiza yesiqhagamshelo ikwiengile ezichanekileyo kwintonga;
● I-Oblique - indiza yesiqhagamshelo yenziwe kwi-angle ethile.
| Ukudibanisa intonga kunye nekhonkco yekhava ethe tye | Ukudibanisa intonga kunye ne-oblique cover cover |
Awona macandelo axhaphakileyo anesiqhagamshelo esithe tye, iintonga zokudibanisa kunye ne-oblique connector zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiiyunithi zamandla ezinokwakheka kwe-V kunye neenjini zedizili, zilungele ukufakela kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani beyunithi yamandla.Isigqubuthelo sinokuqhotyoshelwa kwintonga yokudibanisa kunye neebholiti kunye ne-studs, ngaphantsi kwepini kunye nezinye iidibansi ezisetyenziswayo.Kukho iibholiti ezimbini okanye ezine (ezimbini kwicala ngalinye), amantongomane abo agxininiswe ngeewasha ezikhethekileyo zokutshixa okanye izikhonkwane zecotter.Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okuphezulu koxhulumaniso, iibholiti zinokuba neprofayili eyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zongezwe kunye neengxenye ezincedisayo (i-centering bushings), ngoko ke i-fasteners yokudibanisa iintonga zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo azitshintshi.
Isigqubuthelo sinokwenziwa ngexesha elifanayo kunye nentonga yokudibanisa okanye ngokwahlukileyo.Kwimeko yokuqala, emva kokuba intonga yokudibanisa yenziwe, intloko engezantsi ihlulwe ibe ngamacandelo amabini ukwenza ikhava.Ukuqinisekisa uxhulumaniso oluthembekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza koqhagamshelo xa kwenzeka amaxesha aguquguqukayo, iindawo zokumisa intonga yokudibanisa kunye nekhava zifakwe kwiprofayili (i-toothed, kunye ne-lock rectangular, njl.).Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iteknoloji yokuvelisa intonga yokudibanisa, umngxuma kwintloko engezantsi unesithukuthezi kwindibano kunye nekhava, ngoko ke ezi nxalenye kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela ngababini, azitshintshi.Ukuthintela ukuqhuma kwentonga yokudibanisa kunye nekhava, abamakishi ngendlela yamanqaku eemilo ezahlukeneyo okanye amanani ayenziwa kubo.
Uyilo lweentonga zokudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo
Ngaphakathi kwentloko ye-crank, i-main bearing (i-liner) ifakwe, eyenziwe ngendlela yee-half-rings.Ukulungisa i-earbuds, kukho ii-grooves ezimbini okanye ezine (grooves) ngaphakathi kwentloko, ezibandakanya i-whiskers ehambelanayo kwii-liners.Kwindawo yangaphandle yentloko, i-oil passage passage inokunikezelwa ukutshiza ioli kwiindonga ze-cylinder kunye nezinye iindawo.
Kwiintonga ezidityanisiweyo zokudibanisa, i-protrusion enembobo ebolileyo yenziwe ngaphezu kwentloko, apho i-pin yentloko engezantsi yentonga yokudibanisa elandelwayo ifakwe.Intonga yokudibanisa elandelwayo ngokwayo inesixhobo esifana nentonga yokudibanisa eqhelekileyo, kodwa intloko yayo ephantsi inomlinganiselo omncinci kwaye ayinakuhlukana.
Izibonda zokudibanisa zenziwe ngokunyathela okanye ukunyathela, nangona kunjalo, isigqubuthelo sentloko esezantsi sinokuphoswa.Ukwenziwa kwezi nxalenye, amanqanaba ahlukeneyo ekhabhoni kunye ne-alloy steels asetyenziswa, anokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kwemithwalo ephezulu yomatshini kunye ne-thermal.
Imiba yokugcina, ukulungiswa kunye nokutshintshwa kweentonga zokudibanisa
Iintonga zokudibanisa ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-injini zixhomekeke ekugugeni okuncinci (ekubeni imithwalo ephambili ibonwa yi-liners kwintloko engezantsi kunye nomkhono kwintloko engaphezulu), kwaye ukukhubazeka kunye nokuphazamiseka kuzo kwenzeka ngokungasebenzi kakubi kwe-injini okanye ngenxa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ixesha elide kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, xa usenza umsebenzi othile wokulungisa, kuyimfuneko ukukrazula kunye nokuqhaqha izibonda zokudibanisa, kwaye ukuguqulwa kweyunithi yamandla kudla ngokuhamba kunye nokutshintshwa kweentonga zokudibanisa kunye neendawo ezinxulumene nazo.
Ukuqhaqha, ukuchithwa kunye nokufakwa okulandelayo kweentonga zokudibanisa kufuna ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo ethile:
● Izigqubuthelo zeentloko ezisezantsi kufuneka zifakwe kuphela kwiintonga zokudibanisa "zemveli", ukuphulwa kwekhava kufuna ukutshintshwa okupheleleyo kwentonga yokudibanisa;
● Xa ufaka iintambo zokudibanisa, kuyimfuneko ukugcina umyalelo wofakelo - intonga nganye yokudibanisa kufuneka ithathe indawo yayo kwaye ibe nokuqhelaniswa okuchanekileyo kwendawo;
● Ukuqiniswa kwamandongomane okanye iibholiti kufuneka kuqhutywe ngamandla athile (usebenzisa isikrufu setorque).
Ingqwalasela ngokukodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe kwi-orientation yentonga yokudibanisa kwindawo.Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho uphawu kwintonga, ethi, xa ifakwe kwi-motor-line, kufuneka ibhekane nomphambili wayo kwaye ihambelane nolwalathiso lwentolo kwipiston.Kwiimoto ezine-V, kumqolo omnye, uphawu kunye notolo kufuneka lujonge kwicala elinye (ngokuqhelekileyo umqolo osekhohlo), kwaye kumqolo wesibini - kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.Olu lungiselelo luqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso lwe-KShM kunye nemoto iyonke.
Kwimeko yokuphulwa kwekhava, xa kukho ukunyanzeliswa, ukuchithwa kunye nokunye ukuguqulwa, kunye nakwimeko yokutshatyalaliswa, iintonga zokudibanisa zitshintshwe ngokupheleleyo.Intonga entsha yokudibanisa kufuneka ibe yohlobo olufanayo kunye nenombolo yekhathalogu njengaleyo ifakwe kwi-motor ngaphambili, kodwa le nxalenye isafuna ukukhethwa ngobunzima ukugcina ukulinganisa injini.Ngokufanelekileyo, onke amaqela e-injini yokudibanisa kunye nepiston kufuneka abe nobunzima obufanayo, kodwa ngokwenene zonke iintonga zokudibanisa, iipistoni, izikhonkwane kunye ne-liners zinobunzima obuhlukeneyo (ingakumbi ukuba iindawo zokulungisa zisetyenziselwa), ngoko ke iindawo kufuneka zilinganiswe. kwaye igqitywe ngobunzima.Ubunzima beentonga zokudibanisa bunqunywe ngokuqwalasela ubunzima bentloko nganye.
Ukuchithwa, ukutshintshwa kunye nokuhlanganisana kweentonga zokudibanisa kunye namaqela okudibanisa i-rod-piston kufuneka kuqhutywe ngokuhambelana ngokungqongqo nemiyalelo yokulungiswa nokugcinwa kwesithuthi.Kwixesha elizayo, iintonga zokudibanisa azidingi ukugcinwa okukhethekileyo.Ngokukhetha okufanelekileyo kunye nokufakwa kweentambo zokudibanisa, injini iya kunika ukusebenza okufunekayo kuzo zonke iimeko zokusebenza.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-05-2023