Zonke iimoto zanamhlanje zixhotyiswe ngomqondiso ovakalayo, osetyenziselwa ukuthintela iingozi zendlela.Funda malunga nokuba yintoni isignali yesandi, ziphi iindidi, ukuba isebenza njani kunye nomsebenzi wayo osekelwe kuyo, kunye nokukhethwa kweempawu kunye nokutshintshwa kwazo.
Yintoni ibhiphu?
Isignali yomsindo (isixhobo sokubonakalisa isandi, i-ZSP) - eyona nto iphambili ye-alamu yomsindo wezithuthi;Isixhobo sombane, i-electronic okanye i-pneumatic ekhupha umqondiso ovakalayo wethowuni ethile (i-frequency) ukulumkisa abanye abasebenzisi bendlela ukuze kuthintelwe iimeko ezinobungozi.
Ngokuhambelana neMithetho yeNdlela yangoku, yonke isithuthi esiqhutywa eRashiya kufuneka sixhotyiswe ngesixhobo esilumkiso esivakalayo, esimele sisetyenziswe kuphela ukukhusela iingozi zendlela.Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi 7.2 othi "Uluhlu lokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye neemeko apho ukusebenza kwesithuthi kuvinjelwe", ukuchithwa kwesandi somsindo sisizathu sokuvinjelwa kokusebenza kwemoto.Ngoko ke, i-ZSP ephosakeleyo kufuneka ithathelwe indawo, kwaye ukuze wenze ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwesi sixhobo, kufuneka uqonde iintlobo zayo, iiparitha kunye neempawu eziphambili.
Iindidi, ulwakhiwo kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza kwemiqondiso yesandi
I-ZSP kwimarike inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezininzi ngokomgaqo wokusebenza, ukubunjwa kwe-spectral kunye nethoni yesandi esikhutshwayo.
Ngokomgaqo wokusebenza obekwe kuwo, zonke izixhobo zohlulwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu aphambili:
● Umbane;
● I-pneumatic kunye ne-electro-pneumatic;
● Kwi-elektroniki.
Iqela lokuqala libandakanya yonke i-ZSP, apho isandi senziwa yi-membrane, i-oscillating phantsi kwesenzo sokutshintshana ngoku kwi-solenoid (i-electromagnet).Iqela lesibini libandakanya imiqondiso apho isandi senziwa ngokuhamba komoya odlula kwiphondo ukusuka kwimoto okanye i-compressor yayo, ezi zixhobo zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziimpondo.Iqela lesithathu libandakanya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezinejenereyitha zesandi zombane.
Ngokokwakheka kwembonakalo yesandi esikhutshwayo, kukho iindidi ezimbini zeZSP:
● Ingxolo;
● Ithoni.
Iqela lokuqala libandakanya imiqondiso ekhupha isandi soluhlu olubanzi lwee-frequencies (ukusuka kumashumi ukuya kumawaka e-Hz), ebonwa yindlebe yethu njengesandi esibukhali okanye isandi nje.Iqela lesibini libandakanya i-ZSP ekhupha isandi sobude obuthile kuluhlu lwe-220-550 Hz.
Kwangaxeshanye, tonal ZSP inokusebenza kuluhlu ezimbini:
Uyilokwi-membrane (idiski)uphawu lwesandiUyilo lwesignali yesandi se-pneumatic
● Ithoni ephantsi - kuluhlu lwe-220-400 Hz;
● Ithoni ephezulu - kuluhlu lwe-400-550 Hz.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi zihlandlo zihambelana nethoni esisiseko yesignali yesandi, kodwa isixhobo ngasinye sikhupha isandi kunye nezinye iifrikhwensi ukuya kwi-kilohertz yeshumi elinesibini.
Nganye yeentlobo ze-ZSP zineempawu zayo kunye nezicelo, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi.
I-Membrane (idiski) imiqondiso yesandi
I-Membrane (idiski) imiqondiso yesandi
Izixhobo zolu yilo zibizwa ngokuba yi-electromagnetic, electromechanical okanye vibration.Ngokwesakhiwo, isignali ilula: isekelwe kwi-electromagnetic armature ehambayo edibeneyo kwi-membrane yensimbi (okanye idiski) kunye nokudibanisa neqela loqhagamshelwano.Esi sakhiwo siphela sibekwe kwimeko, sigqunywe nge-membrane phezulu, i-resonator ingafakwa ukongeza kwi-membrane - ipleyiti ecaba okanye i-cup-shaped ukunyusa umthamo wesandi.Umzimba unesibiyeli kunye neetheminali zokudibanisa kwisixokelelwano sombane wemoto.
Umgaqo wokusebenza kwediski ZSP ilula.Ngomzuzu wokusetyenziswa kwangoku kwi-electromagnetic, i-armature yayo irhoxisiwe kwaye iphumle ngokuchasene nabafowunelwa, ivule - i-electromagnetic i-de-energized kwaye i-armature ibuyela kwindawo yayo yokuqala phantsi kwesenzo sentwasahlobo okanye u-elasticity we-membrane; okukhokelela kwakhona ekuvaleni abafowunelwa kunye nokunikezelwa kwangoku kwi-electromagnet.Le nkqubo iphinda iphindwe kwi-frequency ye-200-500 Hz, i-membrane engcangcazelayo ikhupha isandi se-frequency efanelekileyo, enokongezwa ngokunyuswa yi-resonator.
Iimpawu ze-Vibration electromagnetic zezona zixhaphakileyo ngenxa yoyilo olulula, ixabiso eliphantsi kunye nokuqina.Zivezwa kwiimarike kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kukho iinketho zeetoni eziphantsi kunye eziphezulu, ezihlala zibekwe kwiimoto ngeebini.
I-Membrane horn ZSP
Izixhobo zolu hlobo zifana noyilo kwiimpawu ezixutyushwa ngasentla, kodwa zineenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo - uphondo oluthe ngqo ("uphondo"), i-spiral ("cochlea") okanye olunye uhlobo.Umva wophondo ubekwe kwicala le-membrane, ngoko ukungcangcazela kwe-membrane kubangela ukuba wonke umoya obekwe eluphondweni ungcangcazele - oku kubonelela ngokuphuma kwesandi sokwakheka kwembonakalo ethile, ithoni yesandi ixhomekeke kubude. kunye nomthamo wangaphakathi wophondo.
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yimiqondiso ye-compact "snail", ethatha indawo encinci kwaye inamandla amakhulu.Kancinci kancinane izibonakaliso "zephondo", ezithi, xa zandisiwe, zinembonakalo ekhangayo kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa imoto.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lophondo, ezi ZSP zinazo zonke iingenelo zeempawu zokungcangcazela eziqhelekileyo, eziqinisekisa ukuthandwa kwazo.
Uyilo lwesandi senwebu yesigodlo
Iimpawu zesandi ze-Pneumatic kunye ne-electro-pneumatic
Uphondo lwe-Electro-pneumatic
I-ZSP yolu hlobo isekelwe kumgaqo olula wokuvelisa isandi ukusuka kwipleyiti encinci i-oscillating emoyeni.Ngokwesakhiwo, umqondiso we-pneumatic uphondo oluthe tye, kwindawo encinci apho kukho igumbi lomoya elivaliweyo elinengcongolo okanye i-membrane vibrator - i-cavity encinci ngaphakathi apho kukho ipleyiti yesimo esinye okanye enye.Umoya woxinzelelo oluphezulu (ukuya kwii-atmospheres ezili-10) unikezelwa kwigumbi, kubangela ukuba i-plate ishukume - le nxalenye ikhupha isandi sokuphindaphinda okuthile, okukhuliswa ngophondo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zemiqondiso - i-pneumatic, efuna uxhulumaniso kwinkqubo ye-pneumatic yemoto, kunye ne-electropneumatic, ene-compressor yabo kunye ne-electric drive.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni, ii-ZSP ezimbini okanye ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu ezineethoni ezahlukeneyo zifakwe kwisithuthi, esifezekisa i-frequency efunwayo kunye nokuqina kwesandi.
Namhlanje, iimpawu zomoya zezona ziqhelekileyo ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu, kodwa ziyimfuneko kwiilori ezinengxolo ephezulu, ezi zixhobo zikwasetyenziselwa ukulungiswa.
I-ZSP yombane
Izixhobo zolu hlobo zisekelwe kwi-electronic generators of frequency sound, ukukhutshwa kwesandi apho kuqhutyelwa ngeentloko eziguquguqukayo okanye i-emitters yombane yezinye iintlobo.Inzuzo yalo mqondiso kukukwazi ukukhupha nayiphi na isandi somsindo, kodwa ezo zixhobo zibiza kakhulu kwaye zithembeke kakhulu kune-membrane eqhelekileyo okanye i-pneumatic.
I-GOSTs kunye nemiba yezomthetho yokusebenza kweempawu zomsindo
Iiparamitha eziphambili zezixhobo zokukhupha isandi zisemgangathweni, kwaye ububanzi besicelo sabo silawulwa ngokungqongqo.Zonke ii-ZSP kufuneka zihambelane neGOST R 41.28-99 (leyo, nayo, idibana ne-European UNECE Regulation No. 28).Olunye lweempawu eziphambili ze-ZSP luxinzelelo lwesandi abaluphuhlisayo.Le parameter kufuneka ibe kuluhlu lwe-95-115 dB kwizithuthuthu, kwaye kuluhlu lwe-105-118 dB yeemoto kunye neelori.Kule meko, uxinzelelo lwesandi lulinganiswa kwi-frequency range ye-1800-3550 Hz (oko kukuthi, kungekhona kwithoni esisiseko yemitha ye-ZSP, kodwa kwindawo apho indlebe yomntu inomdla kakhulu).
Kucaciswe ngokukodwa ukuba izithuthi zabahlali kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngemiqondiso enezandi zezandi ezingaguqukiyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.Oku kuthetha ukuba akuvumelekanga kuphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomculo we-ZSPs kwiimoto eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kunye nemiqondiso ekhethekileyo efana ne-sirens, "quacks" kunye nabanye.Izibonakaliso zenjongo ekhethekileyo zisetyenziselwa kuphela kwiindidi ezithile zezithuthi ezichazwe kumgangatho weGOST R 50574-2002 kunye nabanye.Ukusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga kwemiqondiso enjalo kukhokelela kuxanduva lolawulo.
Imiba yokukhetha kunye nokufakwa kwesignali yesandi
Ukukhethwa kwe-ZSP ukutshintsha indawo ephosakeleyo kufuneka kwenziwe ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwesignali efakwe ngaphambili kunye neempawu zayo.Kungcono ukusebenzisa isixhobo sohlobo olufanayo kunye nemodeli (kwaye ke inombolo yekhathalogu) eyayisetyenziswe kwisithuthi ngaphambili.Nangona kunjalo, kuvumelekile ukuba ufake ii-analogues (kodwa kungekhona kwiwaranti yemoto) ehlangabezana neemfuno zoxinzelelo lwesandi kunye nokwakheka kwe-spectral.Kwakhona, umqondiso omtsha kufuneka ube neempawu zombane eziyimfuneko (i-12 okanye i-24 V ukunikezelwa kwamandla) kunye nohlobo, ukukhwela kunye neeterminals.
Akwamkelekanga ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinezandi eziguquguqukayo zesandi, kwaye ukuba izixhobo ezibini zeefrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo zifakwe kwimoto, ngoko awukwazi ukubeka zombini imiqondiso yethoni ephezulu okanye ephantsi.Kwakhona akukho ngqiqo ukusebenzisa umqondiso ophezulu we-pneumatic kwiimoto zabakhweli - oku kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezithile ngomthetho.
Imiqondiso yesandi sombane wephondo
Ukutshintshwa kwe-ZSP kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuhambelana nemiyalelo yokulungiswa nokugcinwa kwesithuthi, kunye nokufakwa kwesignali engaqhelekanga - ngokwemiyalelo eqhotyoshelwe kuyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, lo msebenzi wehla ekukhululeni isikrufu esinye okanye ezibini kunye nokuqhagamshela izihlanganisi zombane.
Ngokukhetha okuchanekileyo kunye nokutshintshwa komqondiso wesandi, imoto iya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko kwaye ingasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na imeko.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-26-2023